[小说文学] 短篇小说集：坐窗观风景[第231页]

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[小说文学]短篇小说集：坐窗观风景[第231页]

作者:San若梦

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psychiatry------study and treatment of mental disorders.

精神病学，精神病治疗法

哈哈，谢一沉！

    @San若梦 2017-07-11 05:27:28
    psychiatry------study and treatment of mental disorders.
    精神病学，精神病治疗法
    -----------------------------
    psychiatric------精神病学的

    psychiatrist------精神病医生，精神病学家

    @San若梦 2017-07-11 05:27:28
    psychiatry------study and treatment of mental disorders.
    精神病学，精神病治疗法
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:27:43
    psychiatric------精神病学的
    psychiatrist------精神病医生，精神病学家
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:30:39
    psychology------study of human mind
    心理学
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:34:58
    psychological------心理的，精神的，心理学的
    psychologist------心理学家，心理医生
    -----------------------------
    psychoanalysis------精神分析疗法，心理分析疗法

    psychotherapy------心理疗法

    @San若梦 2017-07-11 05:27:28
    psychiatry------study and treatment of mental disorders.
    精神病学，精神病治疗法
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:27:43
    psychiatric------精神病学的
    psychiatrist------精神病医生，精神病学家
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:30:39
    psychology------study of human mind
    心理学
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:34:58
    psychological------心理的，精神的，心理学的
    psychologist------心理学家，心理医生
    -----------------------------
    @San若梦 2017-07-11 13:45:36
    psychoanalysis------精神分析疗法，心理分析疗法
    psychoanalyst------精神分析医师，心理分析医师
    -----------------------------
    psychopathology------精神病理学

    psychopathological------精神病理学的

    摘自维基百科：

    Psychopathology[a] is the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes; effective classification schemes (nosology); course across all stages of development; manifestations; and treatment. The term may also refer to the manifestation of behaviors that indicate the presence of a mental disorder.

    The word psychopathology has a Greek origin: 'psyche' means "soul", 'pathos' is defined as "suffering", and 'logos' is "the study of". Wholly, psychopathology is defined as the origin of mental disorders, how they develop, and the symptoms they might produce in a person.

    Patients with mental disorders are normally treated by psychiatrists, or psychologists, who both specialize in mental health and diagnose and treat patients through medication or psychotherapy. These professionals systematically diagnose individuals with mental disorders using specific diagnostic criteria and symptomatology found within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[1]

摘自维基百科：

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders.[1][2] These include various abnormalities related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions.

大概其搞明白了，三条线往深了去就交汇了，具体怎么分别可能得上医学院先～～：）

插栽玫瑰简直太容易了！好像全都活了呢～～：）

The term transsexualism and synonyms
Following the sensational Jorgensen publicity in 1952, I was asked to write an article on the subject for the now no longer existing International Journal of Sexology. In this article, which appeared in August 1953, 1 chose the term transsexualism for this almost unknown syndrome. I did the same in a lecture (as part of a symposium) at the New York Academy of Medicine, before the Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy in December, 1953, discussing male transsexualism only. (The person so afflicted is best referred to as a "transsexual," a simpler term than "transsexualist," which is also used and which, unfortunately, I myself used in the beginning). Dr. Van Emde Boas of Amsterdam prefers to call such patients "transexists," which is shorter but a bit of a twister for the American tongue; and Dr. John Money of Johns Hopkins University has written aptly of "contra-sexism" which, however, ignores the transformation urge. Hamburger and his associates spoke of the transsexual urge as "genuine transvestism" or "eonism." The late Dr. David O. Cauldwell had, in 1949, described in Sexology Magazine [5] the strange case of a girl who wanted to be a man and called the condition "Psychopathia transsexualis." Dr. Daniel C. Brown [6]speaks of transsexualism as a term related to "Sex role inversion," specifically meaning that this type of invert wants or receives surgical alteration of his genitals. He uses "inversion" as the widest term with transvestism, transsexualism, and homosexuality "expected to accompany most cases of inversion."[7] So much for the terms and its synonyms.

    @San若梦 2017-07-12 01:00:10
    The term transsexualism and synonyms
    Following the sensational Jorgensen publicity in 1952, I was asked to write an article on the subject for the now no longer existing International Journal of Sexology. In this article, which appeared in August 1953, 1 chose the term transsexualism for this almost unknown syndrome. I did the same in a lecture (as part of a symposium) at the New York Ac......
    -----------------------------
    若梦注：这一节写的是变性现像因约根森案例的广泛传播而引起关注之后，医学界对此议题有研究的各方人士提出各种不同的叫法，六十年之后的今天来看，这些叫法几乎全部过时，包括本杰明医生自己发明的【transsexualism】。现在在英语世界里，【transgender——变性人、变性欲者】被最广泛地认可及使用。

    在此不逐字翻译了，以后视势而行吧。

In the years following the Hamburger et al. publication in the A.M.A. Journal and my own in the American Journal of Psychotherapy in 1954 (constituting the lecture of the previous year) there were hardly any references to transsexualism, in the American medical literature. The clinical material that I was able to accumulate grew steadily.

    @San若梦 2017-07-12 01:29:32
    In the years following the Hamburger et al. publication in the A.M.A. Journal and my own in the American Journal of Psychotherapy in 1954 (constituting the lecture of the previous year) there were hardly any references to transsexualism, in the American medical literature. The clinical material that I was able to accumulate grew steadily.
    -----------------------------
    继汉堡团队在《美国医学协会杂志》上发表文章，及我于1954年在《美国心理治疗杂志》发表文章（由前一年的演讲组成）之后数年内，美国医学文献里几乎再没有任何与变性现像相关的参考资料。与此同时由我的门诊记录汇集而成的资料稳步增长。

In October 1963, I was invited to report my clinical experiences at New York University School of Medicine. This lecture was published nearly a year later in the Western Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology (March- April 1964). Two other lectures followed in quick succession, one at an annual conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex (November 1963) [8], and another one at the Jacobi Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (April 1964). This brings the history of my own work fairly well up to date.

    @San若梦 2017-07-12 01:51:25
    In October 1963, I was invited to report my clinical experiences at New York University School of Medicine. This lecture was published nearly a year later in the Western Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology (March- April 1964). Two other lectures followed in quick succession, one at an annual conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex (November 1963) [8], and another one at the Jacobi Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (April 1964). This brings the history of my own work fairly well up to date.
    -----------------------------
    1963年，我受邀在纽约大学医学院演讲，报告我的门诊经验。这次演讲内容近一年之后发表在《西方外科及妇产科杂志》上（1964年3月-4月）。之后不久又相继做了另外两次演讲，一次是在性科学研究学会的年会上（1963年8月），一次在阿伯特·爱因斯坦医学院的杰克布医院（1964年4月）。这些基本上概括了我目前为止的工作。

The use of "transsexualism" (sometimes called "transsexuality") seems to have caught on in the international medical literature of recent years. It is applied to both sexes but until the much rarer female transsexual receives attention in a separate chapter, the following will from now on deal with the male almost exclusively.

    @San若梦 2017-07-12 08:16:46
    The use of "transsexualism" (sometimes called "transsexuality") seems to have caught on in the international medical literature of recent years. It is applied to both sexes but until the much rarer female transsexual receives attention in a separate chapter, the following will from now on deal with the male almost exclusively.
    -----------------------------
    【transsexualism—变性欲】（有时被称作“transsexuality”）一词的使用，看起来赶上了最近几年国际医学文献的步调。它对两性都适用，但在另章说明更为少见的女性变性欲之前，以下都是专指男性。

Sex role disorientation

The relationship between transvestism (TVism) and transsexualism (TSism) deserves further scrutiny and reflection. Both can be considered symptoms or syndromes of the same underlying psychopathological condition, that of a sex or gender role disorientation and indecision. Transvestism is the minor though the more frequent, transsexualism the much more serious although rarer disorder.

    @San若梦 2017-07-12 08:28:24
    Sex role disorientation
    The relationship between transvestism (TVism) and transsexualism (TSism) deserves further scrutiny and reflection. Both can be considered symptoms or syndromes of the same underlying psychopathological condition, that of a sex or gender role disorientation and indecision. Transvestism is the minor though the more frequent, transsexualism the much more serious although rarer disorder.
    -----------------------------
    性角色的错位

    易装欲和变性欲的关系，值得更进一步的审视和反省。二者可被看着一种相同的精神病理学上的症状或综合症——即性或性别角色的错位或不确定。易装欲较轻微但更多见，变性欲严重得多但比较罕见。

Cross-dressing exists (with few exceptions) in practically all transsexuals, while transsexual desires are not evident (although possibly latent) in most transvestites. It seems to depend upon how deeply and for what congenital or acquired reasons the sex and gender orientation is disturbed, whether the clinical picture of transvestism or transsexualism will emerge. The picture of TSism may first appear to be merely TVism, but whether this indicates a progressive character is by no means certain. (See chapter 4, "The Male Transsexual").

    @San若梦 2017-07-12 08:41:37
    Cross-dressing exists (with few exceptions) in practically all transsexuals, while transsexual desires are not evident (although possibly latent) in most transvestites. It seems to depend upon how deeply and for what congenital or acquired reasons the sex and gender orientation is disturbed, whether the clinical picture of transvestism or transsexualism will emerge. The picture of TSism may first appear to be merely TVism, but whether this indicates a progressive character is by no means certain. (See chapter 4, "The Male Transsexual").
    -----------------------------
    几乎所有的变性人都有易装欲（极少的例外），同时大多数的易装欲者并无变性的欲望（可能有潜在的）。看起来易装欲和变性欲是否交集，取决于其性和性别的取向被搅乱的先天、后天原因以及程度深浅。易装欲可能起初并无变性欲，但这是否是一种渐进的特性，完全不能确定。（见第四章，“男性变性欲者”）

Definitions and classifications

In previous medical publications, I have divided all transvestites into three groups according to the clinical picture they presented. First there are those who merely want to "dress," go out "dressed," and to be accepted as women. They want to be allowed to do so. Their clash is with society and the law. Most of them feel, live, and work as men and lead normal, heterosexual lives, often as husbands and fathers.

    @San若梦 2017-07-13 01:19:57
    Definitions and classifications
    In previous medical publications, I have divided all transvestites into three groups according to the clinical picture they presented. First there are those who merely want to "dress," go out "dressed," and to be accepted as women. They want to be allowed to do so. Their clash is with society and the law. Most of them feel, live, and work as men and lead normal, heterosexual lives, often as husbands and fathers.
    -----------------------------
    定义与分类

    在以前发表的医学文章里，我根据他们的门诊表现，把易装欲者分成三组。第一组仅是想要“装扮”、“装扮好”出门、被别人视作女性。他们想要被允许如此，因此他们的问题是与社会和法律的冲突。其中大多数都觉得自己是男人，并且以丈夫和父亲的身份过着正常的、异性恋的生活。

Group 2 constitutes a more severe stage of an emotional disturbance. It could be interpreted as an intermediate stage between transvestism and transsexualism. These patients may waver in their emotions between the two. They need more than merely "dressing" to appease their psychological sex with its commanding and demanding female component. They want to experience some physical changes, bringing their bodies closer to that of the female, although they do shy away from surgery and the alteration of their genitalia. Such a desire, however, can play a part in their fantasies and daydreams. Like those of Group 1, for them the penis is still an organ of pleasure, in most cases for masturbation only. They crave some degree of gynecomastia (breast development) with the help of hormone medication, which affords them an enormous emotional relief. Psychotherapy is indicated but the patients frequently refuse it or fail to benefit from it. Their clash is not only with society and the law, but also with the medical profession. Relatively few doctors are familiar with their problems; most doctors do not know what to do for them except to reject them as patients or to send them to psychiatrists as "Mental cases."

This clash with society, the law, and the medical profession is still more pronounced and tragic in Group 3, which constitutes fully developed transsexualism. The transsexual shows a much greater degree of sex [9] and gender role disorientation and a much deeper emotional disturbance. To him, his sex organs are sources of disgust and hate. So are his male body forms, hair distribution, masculine habits, male dress, and male sexuality. He lives only for the day when his "female soul" is no longer being outraged by his male body, when he can function as a female - socially, legally, and sexually. In the meantime, he is often asexual or masturbates on occasion, imagining himself to be female.

    @San若梦 2017-07-13 14:06:47
    This clash with society, the law, and the medical profession is still more pronounced and tragic in Group 3, which constitutes fully developed transsexualism. The transsexual shows a much greater degree of sex [9] and gender role disorientation and a much deeper emotional disturbance. To him, his sex organs are sources of disgust and hate. So are his male body forms, hair distribution, masculine habits, male dress, and male sexuality. He lives only for the day when his "female soul" is no longer being outraged by his male body, when he can function as a female - socially, legally, and sexually. In the meantime, he is often asexual or masturbates on occasion, imagining himself to be female.
    -----------------------------
    第三组，由完全成熟的变性欲组成，与社会、法律及医学界的冲突（……）且更为悲惨。变性欲者表现出严重得多的性和性别错位，以及深远得多的情绪困扰。对他来说，性器官是恶心和愤恨之源，他的男性身体结构、毛发分布、阳刚的习惯、男装及男性性向，也莫不如是。他仅仅为着那一天——当他的“女性的灵魂”不再被男性的身体而激怒，当他能在社会上、法律上及性上像女性一样作为——而活着。与此同时，他经常是无性的，或是想像着自己是女性来自慰。

This, very briefly, is the clinical picture of the three groups as they appeared to me originally during the observation of over two hundred such patients. More than half of them were diagnosed as transsexuals (TSs).

    @纳兰唐儿 2017-07-13 23:20:43
    欣赏作者的大作，欢迎回访并指导，谢谢！
    http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-culture-1018250-1.shtml
    唯美爱情长篇小说《在最深的红尘里相爱》
    -----------------------------
    欢迎光临

    @San若梦 2017-07-13 14:31:37
    This, very briefly, is the clinical picture of the three groups as they appeared to me originally during the observation of over two hundred such patients. More than half of them were diagnosed as transsexuals (TSs).
    -----------------------------
    这就是我的二百多位病人在门诊观察中大致呈现出的三个类别。超过一半的人被诊断为变性欲者。

The above interpretation, that is to say, transvestism as the mildest and transsexualism as the most severe disturbance of sex and gender orientation, seems to be practical and to fit the facts. Lukianowicz [10] and Burchard,[11] an English and a German psychiatrist, respectively, are in general agreement with this view. But there are other concepts that deserve consideration and should be outlined.

    @San若梦 2017-07-13 23:47:44
    The above interpretation, that is to say, transvestism as the mildest and transsexualism as the most severe disturbance of sex and gender orientation, seems to be practical and to fit the facts. Lukianowicz [10] and Burchard,[11] an English and a German psychiatrist, respectively, are in general agreement with this view. But there are other concepts that deserve consideration and should be outlined.
    -----------------------------
    以上的解读——即这是一种因性与性别错位导致的困扰，易装欲最轻微，而变性欲最严重——看起来很现实且与事实相符。Lukianowicz 和 Burchard 这两位精神科医生，前者英国人，后者德国人，大体而言都认同此观念。但还有另外一些概念值得考虑并提出来。

Sex object choice

Some investigators believe that the two conditions, TVism and TSism, should be sharply separated, principally on the basis of their "sex feel" and their chosen sex partners (object choices). The transvestite - they say - is a man, feels himself to be one, is heterosexual, and merely wants to dress as a woman. The transsexual feels himself to be a woman ("trapped in a man’s body") and is attracted to men. This makes him a homosexual provided his sex is diagnosed from the state of his body. But he, diagnosing himself in accordance with his female psychological sex, considers his sexual desire for a man to be heterosexual, that is, normal.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 00:15:33
    Sex object choice
    Some investigators believe that the two conditions, TVism and TSism, should be sharply separated, principally on the basis of their "sex feel" and their chosen sex partners (object choices). The transvestite - they say - is a man, feels himself to be one, is heterosexual, and merely wants to dress as a woman. The transsexual feels himself to be a woman ("trapped in a man’s body") and is attracted to men. This makes him a homosexual provided his sex is diagnosed from the state of his body. But he, diagnosing himself in accordance with his female psychological sex, considers his sexual desire for a man to be heterosexual, that is, normal.
    -----------------------------
    性伴侣的选择

    有些调察者相信，易装欲与变性欲这两种状态，应该截然分别开来，主要以他们的“性感觉”及他们选择的性伴侣为分界线。易装欲者——他们说——是男性，感觉他们自己是男人，又是异性恋，只不过想要打扮成女性。变性欲者感觉他自己是女性（“被禁锢在男人的身体里”），被男性所吸引。这就说明他是同性恋，假如考虑他的性别已由身体状况决定。【但是他根据他自己的心理性别，认为对男性产生性欲是异性恋，也就是说正常的。】

The choice of a sex partner is changeable. A number of transvestites are bisexual. As men, they can be attracted by women. When "dressed," they could be aroused by men. Chance meetings can be decisive. The statements of these patients cannot always be relied upon. They want to act within the conventions, or at least want to appear to do so. They may claim heterosexuality when actually they have more homosexual tendencies, which they suppress or simply do not admit. Some feel sufficiently guilty as TVs without wanting to confess to homosexual tendencies besides. Some do admit that heterosexual relations are possible with recourse to fantasies only. (In this way, transsexuals explain their marriages and parenthood and this explanation is most likely correct. )

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 00:38:21
    The choice of a sex partner is changeable. A number of transvestites are bisexual. As men, they can be attracted by women. When "dressed," they could be aroused by men. Chance meetings can be decisive. The statements of these patients cannot always be relied upon. They want to act within the conventions, or at least want to appear to do so. They may claim heterosexuality when actually they have more homosexual tendencies, which they suppress or simply do not admit. Some feel sufficiently guilty as TVs without wanting to confess to homosexual tendencies besides. Some do admit that heterosexual relations are possible with recourse to fantasies only. (In this way, transsexuals explain their marriages and parenthood and this explanation is most likely correct. )
    -----------------------------
    性伴侣的选择是可变的，有一些易装欲者是双性恋，作为男人他们受女性吸引，当“装扮（成女人）”，他们又对男性产生性冲动，机遇可以是决定性因素。这些病人的自我陈述并不完全可靠，他们想要自己的行为符合习俗，或者至少表现如此；他们也许声明自己是异性恋，但其实同性恋倾向更强烈，只不过给压抑下去了或者就是干脆不承认；有的根本不需要再承认有同性恋倾向，因为易装欲已经让他们产生足够强烈的犯罪感；（……）

When first interviewed, the patient may appear to be a TV of the first or second group. He often hesitates to reveal his wish for a sex change right away. Only after closer contact has been established and confidence
gained does the true nature of his deviation gradually emerge. Such seeming "progression" was observed in five or six out of my 152 transsexual patients, on whom I am reporting in this volume.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 01:42:46
    When first interviewed, the patient may appear to be a TV of the first or second group. He often hesitates to reveal his wish for a sex change right away. Only after closer contact has been established and confidence gained does the true nature of his deviation gradually emerge. Such seeming "progression" was observed in five or six out of my 152 transsexual patients, on whom I am reporting in this volume.
    -----------------------------
    第一次面谈时，病人表现出归属于第一或第二类易装欲，他经常会很犹豫马上就透露变性愿望。只有在更近距离接触、建立起信任之后，他的真实状态才会慢慢显现。这种表面上的“渐进性”在我的152位病人里，有五、六位观察得到，他们正是我在本书里要说明的。

The opposite is rare but I have seen it happen. The apparent transvestite, or even transsexual, under treatment or - more likely - through outside influence (meeting the right girl) - turns toward heterosexuality and "normal" life. For how long is always the question.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 01:57:30
    The opposite is rare but I have seen it happen. The apparent transvestite, or even transsexual, under treatment or - more likely - through outside influence (meeting the right girl) - turns toward heterosexuality and "normal" life. For how long is always the question.
    -----------------------------
    相反的现像很少但我也见识过。很明显的易装欲者甚至变性欲者，因为治疗，或者——更大的可能——外部的影响（比如遇见那个对的女孩），而向异性恋及“正常”的生活转变，但能持续多久还是个问题。

Are all transvestites transsexuals?

Coming back to the differences between transvestism and transsexualism., another simpler and more unifying concept and a corresponding definition may have to be considered. That is, that transvestites with their more or less pronounced sex and gender indecision may actually all be transsexuals, but in varying degrees of intensity.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 02:05:26
    Are all transvestites transsexuals?
    Coming back to the differences between transvestism and transsexualism., another simpler and more unifying concept and a corresponding definition may have to be considered. That is, that transvestites with their more or less pronounced sex and gender indecision may actually all be transsexuals, but in varying degrees of intensity.
    -----------------------------
    所有的易装欲都是变性欲吗？

    再回到易装欲与变性欲的差别上来，一种更简单同时又更加统一的概念以及相应的定义可能需要考虑。那就是，有着或多或少对性和性别不确定的易装欲者，他们实际上都属于变性欲者，只不过程度不同而已。

A low degree of largely unconscious transsexualism can be appeased through cross-dressing and demands no other therapy for emotional comfort. These are transvestites (Group 1).

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 02:15:58
    A low degree of largely unconscious transsexualism can be appeased through cross-dressing and demands no other therapy for emotional comfort. These are transvestites (Group 1).
    -----------------------------
    程度较轻但数目较大的是无意识的变性欲，他们的情绪通过易装就能得到缓解抚慰，并不需要其它治疗。这是易装欲（第一类）。

A medium degree of transsexualism makes greater demands in order to restore or maintain an emotional balance. The identification with the female cannot be satisfied by wearing her clothes alone. Some physical changes, especially breast development, are requirements for easing the emotional tension. Some of these patients waver between transvestitic indulgences and transsexual demands for transformation (Group 2).

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 02:22:25
    A medium degree of transsexualism makes greater demands in order to restore or maintain an emotional balance. The identification with the female cannot be satisfied by wearing her clothes alone. Some physical changes, especially breast development, are requirements for easing the emotional tension. Some of these patients waver between transvestitic indulgences and transsexual demands for transformation (Group 2).
    -----------------------------
    程度中等的变性欲要更多的需求才能重建并维持一种情绪上的平衡。他们不能单靠着女装就能确定其女性身份，一些身体上的变化，尤其是乳房发育，是缓解情绪的必要条件。这类病人在沉溺于易装的嗜好和变性之间徘徊不定（第二类）。

For patients of a high degree of transsexualism (the "true and full-fledged transsexual"), a conversion operation is the all-consuming urge, as mentioned earlier and as a later chapter will show still more fully. Cross-dressing is an insufficient help, as aspirin for a brain tumor headache would be (Group 3).

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 02:32:53
    For patients of a high degree of transsexualism (the "true and full-fledged transsexual"), a conversion operation is the all-consuming urge, as mentioned earlier and as a later chapter will show still more fully. Cross-dressing is an insufficient help, as aspirin for a brain tumor headache would be (Group 3).
    -----------------------------
    对程度非常深的变性欲者（那种“真正的、确定无疑的变性人”）来说，变性手术是压倒一切的欲望，如前所述，以后还要更深入阐述。易装仅是一种不充分的帮助，如同阿司匹林对于脑肿瘤一样（第三类）。

It must be left to further observations and investigations in greater depth to decide whether or not transvestitic desires may really be transsexual in nature and origin. Many probably are, but the frequent fetishistic transvestites may have to be excluded.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 07:35:26
    It must be left to further observations and investigations in greater depth to decide whether or not transvestitic desires may really be transsexual in nature and origin. Many probably are, but the frequent fetishistic transvestites may have to be excluded.
    -----------------------------
    这必须留给以后更深入的观察研究来确定，易装欲是否从自然和起源来说真的也是变性欲。很多可能是，但这得把有恋物癖的易装欲排除在外。

If these attempts to define and classify the transvestite and the transsexual appear vague and unsatisfactory, it is because a sharp and scientific separation of the two syndromes is not possible. We have as yet no objective diagnostic methods at our disposal to differentiate between the two. We - often - have to take the statement of an emotionally disturbed individual, whose attitude may change like a mood or who is inclined to tell the doctor what he believes the doctor wants to hear. Furthermore, nature does not abide by rigid systems. The vicissitudes of life and love cause ebbs and flows in the emotions so that fixed boundaries cannot be drawn.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 07:44:05
    If these attempts to define and classify the transvestite and the transsexual appear vague and unsatisfactory, it is because a sharp and scientific separation of the two syndromes is not possible. We have as yet no objective diagnostic methods at our disposal to differentiate between the two. We - often - have to take the statement of an emotionally disturbed individual, whose attitude may change like a mood or who is inclined to tell the doctor what he believes the doctor wants to hear. Furthermore, nature does not abide by rigid systems. The vicissitudes of life and love cause ebbs and flows in the emotions so that fixed boundaries cannot be drawn.
    -----------------------------
    假如这些试图定义和归类易装欲和变性欲的努力看起来模糊不清、难以令人满意的话，那是因为要在这两种综合症之间划出一条准确的、科学的分界线本来就不可能，我们现在连一个可用的客观的诊断方法都还没有。我们——经常性地——不得不面对情绪非常困扰的个体，他们的态度可能跟心情一样改变，可能倾向于告诉医生他们相信医生想听的话。更进一步来说，自然本身并不墨守成规，生活和爱情的沧桑导致情绪的迭荡起伏，以至于固定的界线很难划出。

It is true that the request for a conversion operation is typical only for the transsexual and can actually serve as definition. It is also true that the transvestite looks at his sex organ as an organ of pleasure, while the transsexual turns from it in disgust. Yet, even this is not clearly defined in every instance and no two cases are ever alike. An overlapping and blurring of types or groups is certainly frequent.

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 08:13:42
    It is true that the request for a conversion operation is typical only for the transsexual and can actually serve as definition. It is also true that the transvestite looks at his sex organ as an organ of pleasure, while the transsexual turns from it in disgust. Yet, even this is not clearly defined in every instance and no two cases are ever alike. An overlapping and blurring of types or groups is certainly frequent.
    -----------------------------
    真的只有变性欲者才会要求接受变性手术，这点其实可以用作定义。真的也是易装欲者把他的性器官视作带来愉悦的器官，而变性欲者看着就感到恶心。但即便这些也不是在每种情况下都能清楚定义，而且没有任何两起案例是一样的。种类和类别之间的交汇及模糊不清经常发生。

Sex orientation scale (S.O.S.)

As a working hypothesis, but with good practical uses, the accompanying Table 1. Should illustrate six different types of the transvestism-transsexualism syndrome as clinical observations seem to reveal them. While there are six types, there are seven categories listed on the scale, the first one describing the average, normal person. The seven categories were suggested by the Kinsey Scale (K.S.) and could be described as the Sex Orientation Scale (S.O.S.).

    @San若梦 2017-07-14 13:34:06
    Sex orientation scale (S.O.S.)
    As a working hypothesis, but with good practical uses, the accompanying Table 1. Should illustrate six different types of the transvestism-transsexualism syndrome as clinical observations seem to reveal them. While there are six types, there are seven categories listed on the scale, the first one describing the average, normal person. The seven categories ......
    -----------------------------
    若梦注：这一节仍是在说明怎么分类易装欲和变性欲，用了一个很繁复的表格，主要意思跟前述本医生自己提出的三类分法大体相同，只不过更细致。图表发不上来，在此暂时略过。

    TABLE 2

    Group 1 Type I Pseudo TV
    Type II Fetishistic TV
    Type III True TV

    Group 2 Type IV TS Nonsurgical

    Group 3 Type V TS Moderate intensity
    Type VI TS, High intensity

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 01:10:53
    TABLE 2
    Group 1 Type I Pseudo TV
    Type II Fetishistic TV
    Type III True TV
    Group 2 Type IV TS Nonsurgical
    Group 3 Type V TS Moderate intensity
    Type VI TS, High intensity
    -----------------------------
    图表2——本杰明分类法与图表1肯色（Kinsey）分类法的对应

    本氏第一类——肯氏第一型（伪易装欲），肯氏第二型（恋物癖易装欲），肯氏第三型（真正的易装欲）

    本氏第二类——肯氏第四型（不接受手术的变性欲）

    本氏第三类——肯氏第五型（轻度变性欲），肯氏第六型（重度变性欲）

The following chapters will make use of the types from I to VI in relating case histories and in establishing a diagnosis of the respective patients. Referring to Table I will then enable the reader to get a somewhat clearer picture of the particular individual and his or her problem. It should be noted again, however, that most patients would fall in between two types and may even have this or that symptom of still another type.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 01:25:56
    The following chapters will make use of the types from I to VI in relating case histories and in establishing a diagnosis of the respective patients. Referring to Table I will then enable the reader to get a somewhat clearer picture of the particular individual and his or her problem. It should be noted again, however, that most patients would fall in between two types and may even have this or that symptom of still another type.
    -----------------------------
    随后的章节我们会利用这六个类型的分类法，来分别讨论各种类型的缘由及诊断。这个图表分类法能够帮助读者对这些个体及他或她的问题有更为清晰的了解，但在此必须重申，大多数的病人都是介于两种类型之间，有的甚至表现出更多类型的症状。

It has been the intention here to point out the possibility of several conceptions and classifications of the transvestitic and the transsexual phenomenon. Future studies and observations may decide which one is likely to come closest to the truth and in this way a possible understanding of the etiology may be gained. If this etiology should ever be established through future researches, classifications may have to be modified accordingly. In the meantime, the S.O.S. may serve a pragmatic and diagnostic purpose.[13]

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 02:10:51
    It has been the intention here to point out the possibility of several conceptions and classifications of the transvestitic and the transsexual phenomenon. Future studies and observations may decide which one is likely to come closest to the truth and in this way a possible understanding of the etiology may be gained. If this etiology should ever be established through future researches, classifications may have to be modified accordingly. In the meantime, the S.O.S. may serve a pragmatic and diagnostic purpose.[13]
    -----------------------------
    在此我的意图就是说明，关于易装欲和变性欲的概念及分类，有多种可能性。将来的研究观察可能确定哪一种可能最接近真相，这样也许我们能真正了解其起因。假如这个起因在将来被研究发现，那其分类法可能需要相应的修正，不过与此同时，现在这个分类法（即肯氏标尺）可以实用在诊断上。

Relationship to homosexuality

The term "homosexuality" has never impressed me as very fortunate. It indicates an exclusiveness and a finality that exists in only a relatively small group of men, those who are entirely homosexual. According to Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, this group (the 6 on their rating scale) applies to not more than 4 per cent of the total male population.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 02:28:52
    Relationship to homosexuality
    The term "homosexuality" has never impressed me as very fortunate. It indicates an exclusiveness and a finality that exists in only a relatively small group of men, those who are entirely homosexual. According to Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, this group (the 6 on their rating scale) applies to not more than 4 per cent of the total male population.
    -----------------------------
    与同性恋的关系

    【同性恋】一词从来就没有给我任何幸运的感觉，它显示了一种排外性，一种仅限于一个很小的群体——即完全的同性恋者——之中的有限性。根据肯氏标尺，这个群体仅占男性人口的不足百分之四。

To quote again from Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (page 652), "since only 50 per cent of the population is exclusively heterosexual throughout its adult life, and since only 4 per cent is exclusively homosexual throughout its life, it appears that nearly one half (46 per cent) of the population engages in both heterosexual and homosexual activities or reacts to persons of both sexes in the course of their adult lives."

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 02:39:22
    To quote again from Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (page 652), "since only 50 per cent of the population is exclusively heterosexual throughout its adult life, and since only 4 per cent is exclusively homosexual throughout its life, it appears that nearly one half (46 per cent) of the population engages in both heterosexual and homosexual activities or reacts to persons of both sexes in the course of their adult lives."
    -----------------------------
    摘自《男性的性行为》一书（第652页）：既然只有50%的人口在其整个成年生活中是完全的异性恋，4%完全的同性恋，那看起来有将近一半（46%）的人在其成年生活中有参与异性恋及同性恋的性活动，或者是对两种性别都有性反应。

If we allow ourselves the use of the term "bisexuality" in this 46 per cent, it is evident that the term homosexuality is applied much too often. The reason is that even one homosexual contact in a man's life, if it becomes known, all too often stamps him forever as a homosexual which, of course, he is not.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 02:55:16
    If we allow ourselves the use of the term "bisexuality" in this 46 per cent, it is evident that the term homosexuality is applied much too often. The reason is that even one homosexual contact in a man's life, if it becomes known, all too often stamps him forever as a homosexual which, of course, he is not.
    -----------------------------
    假如我们允许自己对那46%用“双性恋”这个词，那很显然同性恋一词被用得太频繁，原因是某个人只要被发现一次同性恋行为，他就被永远打上同性恋的标签，但实际上他并不是。

If, therefore, we restrict "homosexuality" and "homosexual" to only the above 4 per cent, and otherwise speak merely of homosexual behavior, inclinations, and more or less frequent activities, we come a little closer to the truth and are being, in addition, more fair. In any event, let us remember that the great majority of all so-called homosexuals are in reality bisexually oriented although they may live exclusively homo- or heterosexual lives. These are fundamental facts that deserve to be recalled.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 05:30:41
    If, therefore, we restrict "homosexuality" and "homosexual" to only the above 4 per cent, and otherwise speak merely of homosexual behavior, inclinations, and more or less frequent activities, we come a little closer to the truth and are being, in addition, more fair. In any event, let us remember that the great majority of all so-called homosexuals are in reality bisexually oriented although they may live exclusively homo- or heterosexual lives. These are fundamental facts that deserve to be recalled.
    -----------------------------
    因此，假如我们对“同性恋”和“同性恋的”的使用控制在仅仅是上述的4%，对别的都用同性恋行为、倾向、以及或多或少的活动，那我们离真理又走近了一步，同时也更加公平。无论如何让我们记住，那些所谓的同性恋者，其实他们当中的绝大部份是双性恋者，尽管他们可能是单独以同性恋或异性恋方式生活着。这些是值得提醒的基本事实。

Furthermore, homosexual orientation may be a symptom, as are transvestism and transsexualism, with a variety of possible causes and inceptions. These causes and inceptions may be anchored in an inherited or congenital (constitutional) predisposition or they may be an acquired condition.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 05:45:53
    Furthermore, homosexual orientation may be a symptom, as are transvestism and transsexualism, with a variety of possible causes and inceptions. These causes and inceptions may be anchored in an inherited or congenital (constitutional) predisposition or they may be an acquired condition.
    -----------------------------
    更进一步，同性恋的取向可能只是一个症状，如易装欲和变性欲一样，有着各种的起因和源头，而这些起因和源头也许依存于某个遗传的或先天的倾向里，或者是某种后天获得的状况。

It is unfortunate in a way that the very descriptive term "intersexuality" is not used in this country except for hermaphroditic deformities, that is to say, for purely physical manifestations. Why it should not be used for psychosexual abnormalities too is not quite clear. But, making concessions to American science, "intersexuality" shall not be applied either to transvestism or transsexualism, nor to homosexuality.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 06:58:12
    It is unfortunate in a way that the very descriptive term "intersexuality" is not used in this country except for hermaphroditic deformities, that is to say, for purely physical manifestations. Why it should not be used for psychosexual abnormalities too is not quite clear. But, making concessions to American science, "intersexuality" shall not be applied either to transvestism or transsexualism, nor to homosexuality.
    -----------------------------
    从某种角度来看，一件令人遗憾的事是，“雌雄同体的性向（intersexuality）”这个极具描述性的词没在这个国家使用开来，除了用于雌雄同体的畸形——就是说纯粹指身体结构——之外。为什么不能也用于心理性别上的异常性，原因不明。不过，（……），“雌雄同体的性向”不应该被用于易装欲、变性欲、或是同性恋。

    小结：10天完成11页。

    还行，不过还可以再快一些～～

The most evident distinction between these three disorders lies in the sex partner: for the present discussion, a male sex partner, his existence or nonexistence, and his significance. Homosexual activity is not feasible without him. He is a primary factor. The homosexual is a man and wants to be nothing else. He is merely aroused sexually by another man. Even if he is of the effeminate variety, he is still in harmony with his male sex and his masculine gender. The TV and the TS are not in such harmony. Besides, TVism (that is, cross-dressing) is a completely solitary act, requiring no partner at all for its enjoyment. In TSism the chief object is the sex transformation. A male sex partner may afterward be desired more or less urgently, but he is a secondary factor, often enough dispensable and by no means constant.

    @San若梦 2017-07-15 07:23:26
    The most evident distinction between these three disorders lies in the sex partner: for the present discussion, a male sex partner, his existence or nonexistence, and his significance. Homosexual activity is not feasible without him. He is a primary factor. The homosexual is a man and wants to be nothing else. He is merely aroused sexually by another man. Even if he is of the effeminate variety, he is still in harmony with his male sex and his masculine gender. The TV and the TS are not in such harmony. Besides, TVism (that is, cross-dressing) is a completely solitary act, requiring no partner at all for its enjoyment. In TSism the chief object is the sex transformation. A male sex partner may afterward be desired more or less urgently, but he is a secondary factor, often enough dispensable and by no means constant.
    -----------------------------
    这三种异态间最明显的区别在于性伴侣：对我们目前的讨论而言，就是一个男性性伴侣，他的存在或不存在，以及他的重要性。同性恋活动没他不行，他是主要因素；同性恋者是一个男人，他并不想变成任何别的，他仅仅是对另一个男人产生性冲动而已；即便是他很女人气，但仍然与自己的男性性别和阳刚气相和谐。易装欲和变性欲就没有这样的和谐。另外一点，易装欲完全是独自的行为，根本不需要伴侣来达到快乐。变性欲主要的目标是性别的改变，对一个男性性伴侣的需求在之后可能或多或少会变得急迫，但他已是次要因素，而且经常是可有可无，并且可变。

The sex relations of the male homosexual are those of man with man. The sex relations of a male transsexual are those of a woman with a man, hindered only by the anatomical structures that an operation is to alter. The sex relations of a transvestite are (in the majority) those of heterosexual partners, the male, however, frequently assuming the female position in coitus. In other words: Homosexuality is a sex problem, affecting two persons, a sex partner (of the same sex) being a primary and generally indispensable prerequisite.

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